Prodrugs for antimicrobial amidines

ABSTRACT

A methods of treating an infection comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described by the Formula (I):                    
     wherein: 
     X may be O, S, or NR′ wherein R′ is H or loweralkyl; 
     R 1  and R 2  may be independently selected from the group consisting of H, loweralkyl, oxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, and alkylaminoalkyl; 
     R 3  and R 4  are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, loweralkyl, halogen, oxyalkyl, oxyaryl, and oxyarylalkyl; 
     R 5  is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of:                    
      wherein: 
     X 1 , X 2 , and X 3  are independently selected from O and S; and R 6  and R 7  are independently selected from the group consisting of loweralkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, oxyaryl, an ester-containing substituent, and oxyalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The instant application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/142,826 filed Jul. 8, 1999, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

The present invention was made with Government support under Grant Number 5-U19-AI33363 from the National Institutes of Health. The Government has certain rights to this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to methods for treating infections.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A microbial infection such as, for example, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), is believed to be one of the leading causes of death in patients suffering from AIDS. Pentamidine [i.e., 1,5-bis(4-amidinophenoxy)pentane] has been used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of PCP by intravenous infusion and as a prophylactic agent by aerosol dosage. However, the use of this drug may be potentially disadvantageous in that it might be toxic and contribute to hypotension, hypoglycemia, and cardiac arrhythmias experienced by the patient taking pentamidine.

Recent efforts have focused on developing other compounds for potentially treating PCP. A number of aromatic diamidines have displayed potential anti-PCP activity as reported in Boykin D. W., et al., J. Med. Chem., 1995, pp. 912-916; Tidwell, R. R. et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1993, 37, p. 1713; Lombardy, R. L. et al., J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, p. 1452; and Kumar, A. et al., J. Med. Chem., 1996, 31, p. 767. Notwithstanding any advantages that these drugs may possess, they may be potentially undesirable since the drugs often exhibit low oral bioavailability.

Chemical modification of drugs into prodrugs can potentially improve physiochemical properties such as water solubility, lipophilicity, transport of drug to the site of action, and presystemic degradation, thus improving oral bioavailability. See Bundgaard, H., In Design of Prodrugs; Bundgaard, H.;Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1985; pp. 1-92; and Bundgaard, H., In A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Krogsgaard-Larsen, P.; Bundgaard, H.; Ed.; Harwood Academic Publ. Switzerland, 1991, pp. 113-191. A number of reports exist on the prodrug modification of carboxyl, hydroxyl, thiols, and amino compounds. See, for example, Friis, G. J., et al., In A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, 2^(nd) Ed., Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Liljefors, T. Madsen, U.; Ed.; Overseas Pub: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 351-385; Digenis, G. A., et al., Drug latentiation, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 1975, 28, pp. 86-112. Moreover, Weller et al. (J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, pp. 3139-3146) propose employing amidoximes and carbamate derivatives of mono-amidines as prodrugs in order to potentially provide improved oral availability for fibrogen antagonists. In addition, Boykin, D. W., et al., (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1996, 6, pp. 3017-3020) have reported that bis-amidoxime and O-methylamidoxime may be effective anti-PCP agents on both oral and intravenous administration. U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,495 to Hall et al. proposes administering a bis-benzamidoxime to a patient for treating Pneumocystis carinii.

Notwithstanding the above efforts, there remains a need in the art to provide drugs that display improved activity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method of combating an infection to a subject in need of such a treatment is disclosed. The method comprises administering to the subject a compound of the formula (I):

wherein:

X may be O, S, or NR′ wherein R′ is H or loweralkyl;

R₁ and R₂ may be independently selected from the group consisting of H, loweralkyl, oxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, and alkylaminoalkyl;

R₃ and R₄ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, loweralkyl, halogen, oxyalkyl, oxyaryl, and oxyarylalkyl;

R₅ is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of:

 wherein:

X₁, X₂, and X₃ are independently selected from O and S; and

R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of loweralkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, oxyaryl, an ester-containing substituent, and oxyalkyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and wherein said compound of Formula (I) is administered in an amount to treat the infection.

Preferably, R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of:

CH₃, CH₂CCl₃, CH₂CH₃,

In one preferred embodiment, each of the substituents present on the compound of formula (I) represented by the formula:

are present on the para positions of the aromatic groups on formula (I), although these substituents may be present in the meta positions.

The invention also discloses pharmaceutical compounds represented by the formula (I) described herein and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as well as pharmaceutical formulations comprising the pharmaceutical compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a reaction in the synthesis of carbamates from 2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying specification and examples, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

As used herein, the term “lower alkyl” refers to C1 to C4 linear or branched alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. The term “halogen” has its conventional meaning and refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein refers to C3 to C6 cyclic alkyl, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. The term “aryl” as used herein refers to C3 to C10 cyclic aromatic groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, and the like, and includes substituted aryl groups such as, but not limited to, tolyl. The term “hydroxyalkyl” as used herein refers to C1 to C4 linear or branched hydroxy-substituted alkyl, i.e., —CH₂OH, —(CH₂)₂OH, etc. The term “aminoalkyl” as used herein refers to C1 to C4 linear or branched amino-substituted alkyl, wherein the term “amino” refers to the group NR′R″, wherein R′ and R″ are independently selected from H or lower alkyl as defined above, i.e., —NH₂, —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, etc. The term “oxyalkyl” as used herein refers to C1 to C4 oxygen-substituted alkyl, i.e., —OCH₃, and the term “oxyaryl” as used herein refers to C3 to C10 oxygen-substituted cyclic aromatic groups. The term “alkoxyalkyl” as used herein refers to C1 to C4 linear or branched alkoxy, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, butyloxy, isopropyloxy, and t-butyloxy. The term “ester-containing substitujent” refers to a substituent that may be directed linked to the compound of formula (I) via the single bond that is present directly off of the oxygen atom contained in the ester group or may be of the formula:

wherein R′ and R″ may be the same or different and can be substituted or unsubstituted alkyl that may be saturated or unsaturated. It should be appreciated that the various groups referred to above may be substituted or unsubstituted with various functional groups known to one skilled in the art.

As noted above, the methods of the present invention are useful for treating microbial infections such as P. carinii and Giardia lamblia. The compounds may also be useful in treating fungal infections such as Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium solani, and combinations thereof. The methods of the invention are useful for treating these conditions in that they inhibit the onset, growth, or spread of the condition, cause regression of the condition, cure the condition, or otherwise improve the general well-being of a subject afflicted with, or at risk of contracting the condition.

Subjects to be treated by the methods of the present invention are typically human subjects, although the methods of the present invention may be useful with any suitable subject known to those skilled in the art.

As noted above, the present invention provides pharmaceutical formulations comprising the aforementioned active compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for oral, intravenous, or aerosol administration as discussed in greater detail below. Also, the present invention provides such compounds or salts thereof which have been lyophilized and which may be reconstituted to form pharmaceutically acceptable formulations for administration, as by intravenous or intramuscular injection.

The therapeutically effective dosage of any specific compound, the use of which is in the scope of present invention, will vary somewhat from compound to compound, and patient to patient, and will depend upon the condition of the patient and the route of delivery. As a general proposition, a dosage from about 0.1 to about 50 mg/kg will have therapeutic efficacy, with all weights being calculated based upon the weight of the active compound, including the cases where a salt is employed. Toxicity concerns at the higher level may restrict intravenous dosages to a lower level such as up to about 10 mg/kg, with all weights being calculated based upon the weight of the active base, including the cases where a salt is employed. A dosage from about 10 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg may be employed for oral administration. Typically, a dosage from about 0.5 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg may be employed for intramuscular injection. Preferred dosages are 1 μmol/kg to 50 μmol/kg, and more preferably 22 μmol/kg and 33 μmol/kg of the compound for intravenous or oral administration. The duration of the treatment is usually once per day for a period of two to three weeks or until the condition is essentially controlled. Lower doses given less frequently can be used prophylactically to prevent or reduce the incidence of recurrence of the infection.

In accordance with the present method, pharmaceutically active compounds as described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may be administered orally as a solid or as a liquid, or may be administered intramuscularly or intravenously as a solution, suspension, or emulsion. Alternatively, the compounds or salts may also be administered by inhalation, intravenously or intramuscularly as a liposomal suspension. When administered through inhalation the active compound or salt should be in the form of a plurality of solid particles or droplets having a particle size from about 0.5 to about 5 microns, and preferably from about 1 to about 2 microns.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition suitable for intravenous or intramuscular injection. The pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of formula (I) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. If a solution is desired, water is the carrier of choice with respect to water-soluble compounds or salts. With respect to the water-insoluble compounds or salts, an organic vehicle, such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, or mixtures thereof, may be suitable. In the latter instance, the organic vehicle may contain a substantial amount of water. The solution in either instance may then be sterilized in a suitable manner known to those in the art, and typically by filtration through a 0.22 micron filter. Subsequent to sterilization, the solution may be dispensed into appropriate receptacles, such as depyrogenated glass vials. Of course, the dispensing is preferably be done by an aseptic method. Sterilized closures may then be placed on the vials and, if desired, the vial contents may be lyophilized.

In addition to compounds of formula (I) or their salts, the pharmaceutical compositions may contain other additives, such as pH-adjusting additives. In particular, useful pH-adjusting agents include acids, such as hydrochloric acid, bases or buffers, such as sodium lactate, sodium acetate, sodium phosphate, sodium citrate, sodium borate, or sodium gluconate. Further, the compositions may contain microbial preservatives. Useful microbial preservatives include methylparaben, propylparaben, and benzyl alcohol. The microbial preservative is typically employed when the formulation is placed in a vial designed for multidose use. Of course, as indicated, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be lyophilized using techniques well known in the art.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an injectable, stable, sterile composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a salt thereof, in a unit dosage form in a sealed container. The compound or salt is provided in the form of a lyophilizate which is capable of being reconstituted with a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to form a liquid composition suitable for injection thereof into a subject. The unit dosage form typically comprises from about 10 mg to about 10 grams of the compound or salt. When the compound or salt is substantially water-insoluble, a sufficient amount of emulsifying agent which is physiologically acceptable may be employed in sufficient quantity to emulsify the compound or salt in an aqueous carrier. One such useful emulsifying agent is phosphatidyl choline.

Other pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared from the water-insoluble compounds disclosed herein, or salts thereof, such as aqueous base emulsions. In such an instance, the composition will contain a sufficient amount of pharmaceutically acceptable emulsifying agent to emulsify the desired amount of the compound or salt thereof. Particularly useful emulsifying agents include phosphatidyl cholines, and lecithin.

Further, the present invention provides liposomal formulations of the compounds disclosed herein and salts thereof. The technology for forming liposomal suspensions is well known in the art. When the compound or salt thereof is an aqueous-soluble salt, using conventional liposome technology, the same may be incorporated into lipid vesicles. In such an instance, due to the water solubility of the compound or salt, the compound or salt will be substantially entrained within the hydrophilic center or core of the liposomes. The lipid layer employed may be of any conventional composition and may either contain cholesterol or may be cholesterol-free. When the compound or salt of interest is water-insoluble, again employing conventional liposome formation technology, the salt may be substantially entrained within the hydrophobic lipid biayer which forms the structure of the liposome. In either instance, the liposomes which are produced may be reduced in size, as through the use of standard sonication and homogenization techniques.

Of course, the liposomal formulations containing the compounds disclosed herein or salts thereof, may be lyophilized to produce a lyophilizate which may be reconstituted with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as water, to regenerate a liposomal suspension.

Pharmaceutical formulations are also provided which are suitable for administration as an aerosol, by inhalation. These formulations comprise a solution or suspension of a desired compound described herein or a salt thereof, or a plurality of solid particles of the compound or salt. The desired formulation may be placed in a small chamber and nebulized. Nebulization may be accomplished by compressed air or by ultrasonic energy to form a plurality of liquid droplets or solid particles comprising the compounds or salts. The liquid droplets or solid particles should have a particle size in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 microns, more preferably from about 0.5 to about 5 microns. The solid particles can be obtained by processing the solid compound or a salt thereof, in any appropriate manner known in the art, such as by micronization. Most preferably, the size of the solid particles or droplets will be from about 1 to about 2 microns. In this respect, commercial nebulizers are available to achieve this purpose. The compounds may be administered via an aerosol suspension of respirable particles in a manner set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,984, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Preferably, when the pharmaceutical formulation suitable for administration as an aerosol is in the form of a liquid, the formulation will comprise a water-soluble compound or a salt thereof, in a carrier which comprises water. A surfactant may be present which lowers the surface tension of the formulation sufficiently to result in the formation of droplets within the desired size range when subjected to nebulization.

As indicated, the present invention provides both water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds and salts thereof. As used in the present specification, the term “water-soluble” is meant to define any composition which is soluble in water in an amount of about 50 mg/mL, or greater. Also, as used in the present specification, the term “water-insoluble” is meant to define any composition which has solubility in water of less than about 20 mg/mL. For certain applications, water soluble compounds or salts may be desirable whereas for other applications water-insoluble compounds or salts likewise may be desirable.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for making a pharmaceutically active bis-aryl carbamate represented by formula (I). The process comprises reacting an aryl carbonate with bis-amidine in the presence of an organic solvent to form the bis-aryl carbamate.

In one embodiment, the aryl carbonate may be represented by the formula:

wherein:

R is represented by:

 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of H, NO₂, F, and OCH₃; and wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of CH₃, CH₃CH₂, CH₂CCl₃, CH(OAc)CH₂, CH₂C₆H₅, and

 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of H, NO₂, F, and OCH₃. The aryl carbonate may be a symmetrical aryl carbonate. Specific examples of aryl carbonates include, but are not limited to, diphenyl carbonate, bis(4-fluorophenyl)carbonate, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)carbonate, benzyl-4-nitrophenylcarbonate, 4-nitrophenyl thioethyl carbonate, and 4-nitrophenyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate, methyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate, bis (3-fluorophenyl) carbonate, ethyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate, (4-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-en-5-yl)methyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate, and 1-acetoxyethyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate.

Examples of the pharmaceutically active bis-aryl carbamate that may be formed by the process of the invention include, but are not limited to, 2,5-bis[4-(N-2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan, 2,5-bis[4-(N-thioethylcarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan, 2,5-bis[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan, 2,5-bis[4-(N-phenoxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan, 2,5-bis[4-(N-(4-fluoro)phenoxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan, 2,5-bis[4-(N-(4-methoxy)phenoxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan, 2,5-bis[4(1-acetoxyethoxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan, and 2,5-bis[4-(N-(3-fluoro)phenoxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan.

Preferred organic solvents that may be employed in the process of the invention include, but are not limited to, dimethyl formamide, tetrahydrofuran/CH₃CN, and dioxane. Typically, tetrahydrofuran/CH₃CN is employed in the presence of a base such as, but not limited to, diisopropylethylamine and triethylamine.

In addition to the above, the compounds described herein may be formed by various methods such as, for example, those described in Weller, T., et al., J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 3139-3146. Such a method typically relates to preparing a carbamate from amines of amidines involving the reaction of the base with an appropriate chloroformate in the presence of a base, typically aqueous sodium hydroxide or sodium/potassium bicarbonate. Nonetheless, since this method may suffer from potential drawbacks, an alternative method is disclosed herein for preparing carbamates from amidines by reaction with carbonates, and in particular aryl-alkyl and aryl-aryl carbonates. Traditionally carbonates have been prepared by the reaction of tertiary amines and chloroformates. See Olofson, R. A., et al., J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, pp. 2081-2082; and Olofson, R. A. Pure and Appl. Chem. 1988, 60, pp. 1715-1724. Additionally, the dealkylation of tertiary aliphatic amines with phenyl chlorothionoformate has been reported in Millan D. S., et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, pp. 4387-4390.

A method for preparing carbonates is disclosed herein in which pyridine is used as a base. As an example of the method, the 4-nitrophenylalkyl carbonates described herein were prepared by reacting 4-nitrophenol with the corresponding alkyl or arylchloroformates in methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂) using pyridine as a base. (1-acetyloxy)ethyl-4-nitrophenyl carbonate was prepared from 1-chloroethyl-4-nitrophenyl carbonate according to published procedures. See Alexander, J. et al., J. Med. Chem., 1991, 34, pp. 78-81; and Lin, Y. I., et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1997, 7, pp. 1811-1816. Symmetrical carbonates (i.e., diphenyl and bis(4-fluoro)- and bis(4-methoxy)phenylcarbonates described as 20-22) were synthesized by reacting phenol, 4-fluorophenol, and 4-methoxyphenol with phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, and 4-methoxypehnyl chloroformates respectively in a pyridine/CH₂Cl₂ medium. 4-nitrophenyl (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxo-4-ene-1-yl) methyl carbonate (23) was synthesized from commercially available 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one by a four-step process as outlined in Sakamoto, F. et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1984, 32, pp. 2241-2248. A modification to this procedure has been proposed in the bromination step which ultimately leads to the carbonate 23. The bromination of dimethyl dioxolone with N-bromosuccinimide in carbon tetrachloride in the presence of α,α-azoisobutyronitrile as a free radical initiator under reflux conditions for 16 hours can afford the monobromide as a major product (90 percent) and dibromide as a minor product (10 percent). Displacement of the bromide by formate followed by acid catalyzed hydrolysis to give hydroxymethyl derivative was carried out according to a modification of a procedure described in Alpegiani, M. et al., Synth. Commun., 1992, 22, pp. 1277-1282.

The synthesis of carbamates from amines is well known. The invention provides for the synthesis of carbamates of aromatic amidines. Methyl carbamate 2 was synthesized by the known method of reacting bis-amidine 1 with methylchloroformate in CH₂Cl₂ employing sodium hydroxide as a base, often obtaining yields less than 50 percent. An alternative approach to potentially improve the yield and purity of the carbamate involves reacting bis-amidine 1 with methyl-4-nitrophenyl carbonate in DMF to obtain methyl carbamate 2 at a yield of 80 percent. Carbamates 3-10 set forth in Table 1 were synthesized from bis-amidine 1 and the appropriate carbonates in DMF or THF/CH₃CN (see Scheme 1). A base was not employed when using DMF. A base (e.g., diisopropylethylamine) was used when employing THF/CH₃CN. Symmetrical carbonates were reacted with bis-amidine 1 to obtain the expected carbamates (7-9).

Table 1 contains the results of evaluation of the carbamate and carbamate prodrugs 2-11 against P. carinii pneumonia in an immunosuppressed rat model (see S. K. Jones et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1990, 34, pp. 1026-1030). Most of the prodrugs 2-11 appear to be metabolized in vivo and were generally effective against PCP, orally and intraveneously.

EXAMPLES

The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the following examples. It should be noted that these examples are for illustrative purposes only, and are not meant to limit the invention.

Examples 1-25 Experimental Procedure

In the examples which follow, melting points were recorded using a Thomas-Hoover (Uni-Melt) capillary melting point apparatus and were uncorrected. TLC analysis was carried out on silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ pre-coated aluminum sheets (0.20 mm layer thickness) (E. Merck of Whitehouse Station, N.J.) and detected under UV light. IR spectra were recorded using Perkin-Elmer Model 337 spectrometer sold by Perkin-Elmer of Norwalk, Conn. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded employing a Varian GX400 or a Varian Unityplus 300 spectrometer (both sold by Varian of Palo Alto, Calif.) and chemical shifts (δ) are in ppm relative to TMS as internal standard. Mass Spectra were recorded on a VG Analytical 70-SE spectrometer (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.). IR spectra were recorded using a Perkin-Elmer 2000 instrument. Elemental analyses were obtained from Atlantic Microlab Inc. of Norcross, Ga. and are believed to be within 0.4 percent of the theoretical values unless otherwise mentioned. All chloroformates were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. of St. Louis, Mo. Other chemicals and solvents were purchased from either Aldrich or Fischer Scientific of Houston, Tex. 4,5-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one was purchased from TCI America Inc. 2,5-Bis(4-cyanophenyl)furan, 2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan, and 2,5-bis[4-(N-hydroxy)amidinophenyl]furan were synthesized as previously described. See Baijic, M., et al., Heterocycl. Commun., 1996, 2, pp.135-140; Das, B. P., J. Med. Chem. 1977, 20, pp. 531-536; and Boykin, D. W., et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem Lett., 1996, 6, pp. 3017-3020. Anti-Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia activity screening was carried out according to published methods. See Jones, S. K. et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1990, 34, pp.1026-1030; Hall, J. E., et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1998, 42, pp. 666-674; and Tidwell, R. R., et al., J. Med. Chem., 1990, 33, pp. 1252-1257. Compounds were routinely tested orally at 33 μmol/kg/day and intravenously at 22 μmol/kg/day. Saline and pentamidine treated groups of rats were included as negative and positive controls, respectively.

Bold numbers that are listed in connection with each example correspond to the numbers listed in Table 1.

Example 1 Synthesis of Methyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate (12)

To an ice cold solution of 4-nitrophenol (7.36 g, 0.053 mol) and pyridine (4.3 g, 0.054 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (80 mL) at 0-5° C. was added a solution of methylchloroformate(5 g, 0.053 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and stirred for 15 min and then at room temperature overnight (16 h). The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL), washed successively with water (50 mL), aq. NaOH (0.5 N, 50 mL), sat. aq. NaCl solution (50 mL), water (3 −50 mL) and dried (Na₂SO₄). The CH₂Cl₂ solution was passed through a silicagel column using chloroform (100%) as eluent to furnish pure carbonate 12 (10 g, 96%) as a white solid. Purification of the carbonate by recrystallization gave 80% yield: TLC (R_(f)) 0.50 (100% CHCl₃); mp 111-112° C.; IR (KBr) 3121, 3086, 1766, 1618, 1602, 1522, 1443, 1366, 938, 858, 667 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 8.24 (d, 2H, J=9.05 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.34 (d, 2H, J=9.05 Hz, Ar—CH), 3.91 (s, 3H, OCH₃); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃), 155.71 (OCOO), 153.28 (Ar—OCO), 145.61 (C—NO₂), 125.51 (Ar—CH), 121.96 (Ar—CH),56.07 (OCH₃); MS m/e (El⁺, relative intensity, %) 197 (25), 153 (33), 123 (100), 95 (21), 92 (45), 77 (46), 64 (32), 63 (33), 59 (55).

Example 2 2,5-Bis[4-(N-methoxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan (2)

To a stirring suspension of bis-amidine 1 (0.5 g, 0.00164 mol) in dry DMF (8 mL) at room temperature, was added a solution of methyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate (0.72 g, 0.0036 mol) in DMF (2mL) and the mixture was stirred overnight (16 h). Water (20 mL) was added to the mixture, stirred for few min and filtered, washed with water (2×10 mL), and ether (10 mL) and dried. Crystallization from ethanol gave pure carbamate 2 (80%) as a white solid: TLC (R_(f)) 0.49 (CHCl₃, MeOH, NH₄OH, 4:1:0.2, v/v); mp >300° C. dec.; IR (KBr) 3500-3100, 3010, 2956, 1672, 1609, 1566, 1518, 1476, 1442, 1266, 1198, 1147, 1124, 1086, 1030, 940, 856, 806, 786, 764, 674, 604, 548 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 9.11 (s, 4H, NH), 8.07 (d, 2H, J=8.18 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.95 (d, 2H, J=8.30 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.30 (s, 2H, furan-CH), 3.63 (s, NCOOCH₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 165.61, 164.36, 152.61, 132.96, 132.81, 128.36, 123.34, 110.52, 51.85 MS m/z (FAB, thioglycerol) 421 (M+1), 389, 363, 346, 321, 305, 289, 271, 257, 237, 230. Anal. (C₂₂H₂₀N₄O₅) C,H,N.

Example 3 Synthesis of 4-nitrophenyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (14)

To an ice cold solution of 4-nitrophenol (2.0 g, 14.4 mmol) and triethylamine (1.6 g, 15.8 mmol) (or pyridine) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) at 0-5° C. was added a solution of 2,2,2-trichloroethylchloroformate (3.2 g, 15 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and stirred for 15 min. and then at room temperature overnight (16 h). Aqueous work up as described above and purification of the product by silicagel column chromatography using chloroform (100%) as eluent furnished pure carbonate 14 (4.3 g 91%). Alternatively, the product is purified by recrystallization from hexane in 60% yield: TLC (R_(f)) 0.56 (100% CHCl₃); mp 59-60° C.; IR (KBr) 3123, 3093, 3012, 2967, 2871, 2462, 2365, 2343, 1771, 1630, 1541, 1496, 1432, 1362, 1288, 1251, 1020, 954, 843, 783 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.33 (d, 2H, J=9.36 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.45 (d, 2H, J=9.36 Hz, Ar—CH), 4.91 (s, 2H, OCH₂CCl₃), ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 155.21 (OCOO), 151.68 (Ar—OCO), 145.91 (C—NO₂), 125.64, 121.89, 93.95 (CCl₃), 77.56 (CH₂CCl₃); MS m/e (El⁺, relative intensity, %) 314 (M⁺, 1), 313 (5), 280 (17), 278 (26), 196 (14), 182 (25), 166 (74), 139 (100), 135 (20), 133 (57), 131 (58), 122 (24), 109 (40), 95 (32), 63 (22). Anal. (C₉H₆NO₅Cl₃) C,H.

Example 4 Synthesis of 2,5-bis[4-(N-2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan (3)

To a suspension of amidine 1 (0.5 g, 0.00164 mol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.43 g, 0.0033 mol) in THF/CH₃CN mixture (20 mL, 1:1 v/v) at room temperature, was added a solution of 4-nitrophenyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (1.1 g, 0.0035 mol) in THF (10 mL) and stirred for 24 h. The solvents were removed in a rotavapor and the residue was cooled in ice, triturated with anhydrous diethyl ether (20 mL), filtered, washed with ether (2×20 mL), dried and crystallized from CHCl₃-ether mixture to obtain 2,2,2-trichloroethylcarbamate (3) (0.65 g, 60% yield) as a yellow solid: TLC (R_(f)) 0.6; (CHCl₃, MeOH, NH₄OH, 4:1:0.2, v/v); mp 134-136° C.; IR (KBr) 3509-3029, 3010, 2997, 2952, 1682, 1615, 1600, 1517, 1492, 1485, 1412, 1377, 1251, 1147, 1130, 1120, 1058, 1028, 939, 849, 798, 730, 716, 634, 560 cm⁻; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 9.80-9.60 (br s, 4H, NH), 8.07 (d, J=8.73 Hz, 4H, Ar—CH), 8.02 (d, J=8.73 Hz, 4H, Ar—CH), 7.39 (s, 2H, CH-furan), 4.98 (s, 4H, OCH₂CCl₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 166.35, 152.58, 133.57, 129.23, 123.39, 111.23, 95.57 (CCl₃), 74.49 (CH₂CCl₃); MS m/z (FAB, thioglycerol): 656 (M+1, 9 isotopic peaks), 507 (7 peaks), 481 (8 peaks), 481 (8 peaks), 464.0 (6 peaks), 357 (3 peaks), 314 (3 peaks), 304, 288, 271, 262, 245, 232. Anal. (C₂₄H₁₈N₄O₅Cl₆) C, H, N.

Example 5 Synthesis of 4-nitrophenyl thioethyl carbonate (18)

Thiocarbonate 18 was synthesized from 4-nitrophenol and thioethylchloroformate in pyridine/CH₂Cl₂ as described previously, in 92% yield and subsequently purified by silica column chromatography to afford pure colorless crystals: TLC (R_(f)) 0.6 (100% CHCl₃); mp 65-66° C.; IR (KBr) 3120, 3089, 2944, 2588, 2000, 1942, 1740, 1528, 1454, 1352, 1198, 1102, 894, 748, 660, 526 cm⁻; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) d 8.25 (dd, 2H, J=4.92, 2.07 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.33 (dd, 2H, J=4.92, 2.22 Hz, Ar—CH), 2.96 (q, 2H, J=14.84 Hz, SCH₂), 1.38 (t, 3H, J=7.46 Hz, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) d 169.70, 155.79, 145.52, 125.44, 122.21, 26.04 (SCH₂), 14.85 (CH₃); MS m/e (El⁺, relative intensity, %) 227 (M⁺, 4), 139 (12), 109 (19), 89 (100), 63 (12). Anal. (C₉H₉NO₄S) C,H.

Example 6 Synthesis of 2,5-bis[4-(N-thioethylcarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan(4)

To a suspension of bis-amidine 1 (0.6 g, 0.002 mol) in DMF (10 mL) at room temperature, was added a solution of 4-nitrophenyl ethylthiocarbonate (0.9 g, 0.004 mol). The resulting solution was stirred for 24 h. Ice water (40 mL) was added to the mixture and filtered, washed with water (3×30 mL), ether (30 mL) and dried. The crude solid was purified by crystallization from ethanol-ether to furnish carbamate 4 (0.6 g, 62%) as a yellow solid: TLC (R_(f)) 0.58 (CHCl₃, MeOH, NH₄OH, 4:1:0.2, v/v); mp >300°; IR (KBr) 3442-3200, 3040, 2970, 2928, 2866, 1668, 1610, 1592, 1562, 1469, 1413, 1382, 1320, 1305, 1283, 1208, 1130, 1110, 1090, 1016, 939, 885, 842, 768 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 9.26 (d, 4H, D₂O exchangeable, J=45 Hz, NH), 8.07 (d, 4H, J=8.42 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.96 (d, 4H, J=8.30 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.31 (s, 2H, CH-furan), 2.78 (q, 4H, J=14.3 Hz, SCH₂), 1.24 (t, 6H, J=7.32 Hz, SCH₂CH₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 181.37, 162.06, 152.64, 132.95, 132.35, 128.70, 123.43, 110.76, 24.06 (SCH₂), 15.34 (SCH₂CH₃); MS m/z (FAB, m-nitrobenzoic acid) 481 (M+1), 429, 413, 397, 321, 298, 272, 257, 231. Anal. (C₂₄H₂₄N₄O₃S₂.0.25H₂O) C, H, N.

Example 7 Benzyl-4-nitrophenylcarbonate (19)

Carbonate 19 was synthesized from 4-nitrophenol and benzylchloroformate as described above, in 80% yield after silica column purification, as a white solid: TLC (R_(f)) 0.55 (100% CHCl₃); mp 81° C.; IR (KBr) 3098, 3034, 2855, 1758, 1617, 1528, 1387, 1355, 1285, 1227, 1112, 1049, 965, 870, 780, 729, 583, 511 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) d 8.26 (d, 2H, J=9.4 Hz), 7.43 (m, 5H, Ar—CH of benzyl), 7.37 (d, 2H, J=9.4 Hz, OCH₂—Ar); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): δ 155.53, 152.45, 145.40, 134.20, 129.07, 128.81, 128.66, 125.30, 121.77, 71.01; MS m/e (El⁺, relative intensity, %) 274, 244, 230, 199, 140, 131, 108.

Example 8 Synthesis of 2,5-bis[4-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan (5) and dimaleate Salt

To a suspension of bis-amidine 1 (0.5 g, 0.0016 mol) in DMF (10 mL) at room temperature, was added benzyl-4-nitrophenylcarbonate (1.6 g, 0.006 mol). The resulting solution was stirred for 24 h and ice water (40 mL) was then added and extracted with CHCl₃ (2×50 mL). The CHCl₃ extract was washed with aq. NaOH (1 N, 40 mL), sat. NaCl (40 mL), water (50 mL) and dried (Na₂SO₄). The solution was filtered, concentrated in a rotavapor, cooled in ice bath, triturated with ether (30 mL), filtered, washed with ether (3×20 mL) and dried under vacuum for 16 h to afford carbamate 5 as a shiny pale yellow solid (0.77 g, 52%): TLC (R_(f)) 0.76 (CHCl₃, MeOH, NH₄OH, 4:1:0.2, v/v); mp 225° C. dec.; IR (KBr) 3480-3140, 3111, 3087, 3063, 3032, 2960, 2866, 1667, 1612, 1570, 1507, 1497, 1375, 1296, 1266, 1145, 926, 859, 787, 744, 702 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 9.16 (s, 4H, D₂O exchangeable, NH), 8.09 (d, 4H, J=8.57 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.95 (d, 4H, J=8.57 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.42-7.31 (2×d+3×t, 10H, Ar—CH), 7.30 (s, 2H, CH-furan), 5.13 (s, OCH₂Ph, 4H ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ165.97, 163.69, 152.62, 137.12, 132.89, 132.86, 128.44, 128.35, 127.97, 127.77, 123.35, 110.60, 66.04 (OCH₂Ph); MS m/e (FAB, m-nitrobenzoic acid) 573 (M+1), 460, 439, 421, 378. Anal. (C₃₄H₂₈N₄O₅.2H₂O) C, H, N.

A mixture of the carbamate free base 5 (0.4 g, 0.0007 mol), maleic acid (0.18 g, 0.0016 mol) and dry ethanol (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The mixture was cooled in ice bath, triturated with dry Et₂O (25 mL), filtered, washed with Et₂O (3×10 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven at 50° C. overnight to afford 5-dimaleate salt as a yellow solid (0.53 g, 94%): mp 155-157° C. dec.; IR (KBr); 3480-3140, 3111, 3087, 3063, 3032, 2960, 1667, 1612, 1570, 1507, 1497, 1375, 1266, 1145, 926, 859, 787, 744, 702 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ9.40-9.80 (br s, 2H, D₂O exchangeable, NH), 8.03 (d, 4H, J=8.56 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.99 (d, 4H, J=8.56 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.42-7.31 (2×d+3×t, 10H, Ar—CH), 7.35 (s, 2H, CH-furan), 6.18 (s, 2H, O₂CCH=CHCO₂), 4.19 (s, 4H, OCH₂Ph); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 166.77, 165.49, 152.57, 136.39, 133.34, 132.07, 128.94, 128.39, 128.11, 128.01, 123.36, 111.03, 66.72 (OCH₂Ph); MS m/e (FAB, m-nitrobenzoic acid) (free base) 573.2, 460.1, 421.2, 378.2; Anal. (C₄₂H₃₆N₄O₁₃) C, H, N.

Example 9 Synthesis of 4-bromomethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one

A mixture of 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one (15.0 g, 0.132 mol), a,a-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (1.08 g, 0.0066 mol) and N-bromosuccinimide (23.4 g, 0.132 mol) in freshly distilled carbon tetrachloride (350 mL) was refluxed under nitrogen for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated to one-half the initial volume, cooled in an ice bath and the white solid was filtered off. Concentration of the filtrate (CCl₄ solution) in a rotavapor under reduced pressure gave 4-bromomethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one as a pale brown liquid in 90% yield (25 g). Due to the instability of the product at room temperature, it was used without purification for the next step. However, a small amount of the crude produce (100 mg) was purified for NMR analysis, through a short pad of silicagel using CHCl₃ (100%) as eluent. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ4.21 (s, 2H, CH₂Br), 2.14 (s, 3H, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 151.72 (OCOO, 138.08 (═CCH₂Br), 134.62 (═C—CH₃), 18.01 (CH₂Br), 9.51 (CH₃).

Example 10 Synthesis of (5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one-4-yl)methyl formate

To an ice cold solution of 4-bromomethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one (24 g, 0.124 mol) and formic acid (19.5 g, 0.43 mol) in acetonitrile (250 mL) at 0° C. was added triethylamine (44 g, 0.44 mol) dropwise over a period of 15 min. Ice bath was then removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated to one-half the initial volume on a rotavapor and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×150 mL). The organic extract was washed successively with satd. NaHCO₃ (200 mL), said. NaCl (200 mL), water (200 mL) and dried (Na₂SO₄). Concentration of the filtrate gave crude formate ester as a colorless liquid (20 g): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.06 (s, 1H, CH₂OOCH), 4.91 (s, 2H, CH₂), 2.16 (s, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 160.26 (CH₂OOCH), 152.06 (OCOO), 140.59 (═CCH₂), 133.14 (═C—CH₃), 53.15 (CH₂OOCH), 9.42 (CH₃).

Example 11 Synthesis of 4-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one

To a solution of the crude formate (19.9 g) and 80% methanol (250 mL) at room temperature was added conc. HCl (1 mL) and stirred for 6 h. Methanol was evaporated off in rotavapor at 30° C. under reduced pressure and the residue was extracted with ethyl acetate. Passage through a short pad of silica gel and concentration gave 4-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one as a colorless oil (7.0 g, 43%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.37 (s, 2H, CH₂OH), 2.80 (s, 1H, OH, D₂O exchangeable), 2.11 (s, 3H, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 152.94 (OCOO), 137.63 (═CCH2OH), 135.01 (═CCH₃), 53.32 (CH₂OH), 9.33 (CH₃).

Example 12 Synthesis of 4-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxiol-4-en-5-yl)methyl-4-nitrophenyl carbonate (23)

Carbonate 23 was synthesized from 4-methyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxol-4-ene-2-one and 4-nitrophenylchloroformate in CH₂Cl₂/pyridine and purified by crystallization from chloroform colorless crystals in 76% yield: TLC (R_(f)) 0.23 (100% CHCl₃); mp 120-121° C. (lit.³¹ 116-117° C); IR (KBr) 3115, 3096, 2928, 2854, 1811, 1780, 1742, 1619, 1593, 1525, 1494, 1352, 1308, 1246, 1221, 1054, 860, 768 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.29 (d, 2H, J=9.04 Hz), 7.39 (d, 2H, J=9.20 Hz), 5.03 (s, 3H, C═CCH₃), 2.22 (s, 2H, OCOOCH₂); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 155.36 (OC═OO), 152.46, 151.85 (vinylene C═O), 145.93 (Ar—NO₂), 141.62, 132.45, 125.59, 121.90, 58.37 (OCH₂), 9.65 (C═CCH₃); MS m/e (El⁺, relative intensity, %) 295 (M⁺, 1), 139 (9), 113 (100), 69 (23), 43 (74). Anal. (C₁₂H₉NO₈) C, H, N.

Example 13 Synthesis of 2,5-bis{4-[N-(5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-ene-1-yl)methoxycarbonyl]amidinophenyl}furan (6)

To a suspension of bis-amidine 1 (0.7 g, 0.0023 mol) in DMF (15 mL) at room temperature, was added a solution of (4-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-ene-1-yl) methyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate (1.5 g, 0.0052 mol) in DMF (5 mL) and stirred for 24 h. Ice water (50 mL) was added, filtered, washed with water (3×20 mL), ether (30 mL) and dried under vacuum. The crude product was crystallized from CHCl₃-ether mixture to yield pure 6 (1.26 g. 89%) as a yellow solid: TLC (R_(f)) 0.33 (CHCl₃, MeOH, NH₄OH, 4:1:0.2, v/v); mp 153-155° C.; IR (KBr) 3500-3120, 3105, 3075, 2866, 3037, 1825, 1667, 1660, 1618, 1610, 1521, 1497, 1417, 1394, 1266, 1230, 1145, 1094, 989, 927, 787, 687 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 9.19 (s, 4H, D₂O exchangeable, NH), 8.09 (d, J=8.43 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.96 (d, 4H, J=8.24 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.31 (s, 2H, CH-furan), 4.95 (s, 4H, OCH₂), 2.18 (s, 6H, C═CCH₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 166.23, 162.91, 152.60 (C═O, dioxolone), 151.96, 139.53, 134.09, 132.96, 132.65, 128.47, 123.35, 110.66, 54.17 (OCH₂), 8.82 (C═CCH₃); MS m/z (FAB, m-nitrobenzoic acid) 617 (M+1), 505, 487, 460, 443, 424, 375, 357. Anal. (C₃₆H₂₄N₄O₁₁) C, H, N.

Example 14 Synthesis of diphenyl carbonate (20)

Carbonate 20 was prepared by reaction of phenol with phenylchloroformate in pyridine/CH₂Cl₂ followed by aqueous workup as described above in 90% yield as a white solid: TLC (R_(f)) 0.7 (100% CHCl₃); mp 79-80° C.; IR (KBr) 3066, 1776, 1604, 1495, 1457, 1400, 1285, 1189, 997, 755, 691 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.40 (t, 4H, J=8.02 Hz), 7.26 (d, 6H, J=8.73 Hz); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 152.29, 151.14, 129.77, 126.50, 121.10; MS m/e (El⁺, relative intensity, %) 214 (M⁺, 100), 170 (46), 169 (37), 142 (43), 141 (64), 94 (13), 77 (87), 65 (26), 51 (25), 39 (23).

Example 15 Synthesis of 2,5-Bis[4-(N-phenoxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan (7)

To a suspension of bis-amidine 1 (0.5 g, 0.0016 mol) in DMF (10 mL) at room temperature, was added diphenylcarbonate (0.77 g, 0.0036 mol). The resulting solution was stirred for 24 h and ice water (40 mL) was then added and the resulting solid was filtered, washed with plenty of water (3×30 mL), ether (2×30 mL) and dried under vacuum in a dessicator for 16 h to furnish carbamate 7 (0.53 g, 63%) as a yellow solid: TLC (R_(f)) 0.68 (CHCl₃, MeOH, NH₄OH, 4:1:0.2, v/v); mp>300° C.; IR (KBr) 3680-3000, 1674, 1615, 1462, 1515, 1488, 1412, 1382, 1266, 1199, 1170, 1145, 1030, 1016, 939, 969, 864, 798, 738, 693, 589 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 9.30 (s, 4H, D₂O exchangeable, NH), 8.12 (d, 4H, J=7.61 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.98 (d, 4H, J=7.30 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.44 (t, 4H, J=7.46 Hz, Ar-m-H), 7.33 (s, 2H, CH-furan), 7.22 (t, 2H, J=6.19 Hz, Ar-p-CH), 7.20 (d, 4H, J=8.57 Hz, Ar-o-CH); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 166.78, 162.12, 152.65, 151.63, 151.63, 133.08, 132.58, δ 129.17, 128.59, 124.92, 123.43, 121.95, 115.19, 110.79; MS m/z (FAB, m-nitrobenzoic acid) 545 (M+1), 460, 451, 425, 408, 391, 357, 329. Anal. (C₃₂H₂₄N₄O₅) C, H, N.

Example 16 Synthesis of bis(4-flourophenyl)carbonate (21)

Reaction of 4-fluorophenol with 4-fluorophenylchloroformate in pyridine/CH₂Cl₂ as described earlier afforded carbonate 21 after silica column chromatography in 85% yield as a white solid: TLC (100% CHCl₃) 0.7; mp 122-123° C.; IR (KBr) 3130, 3091, 1885, 1764, 1649, 1610, 1508, 1304, 1234, 1176, 1094, 1010, 902, 838, 729, 576, 510 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.24 (dd, 4H, J=9.05, 4.44 Hz), 7.08 (dd, 4H, J=8.89, 8.09 Hz); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 161.93, 159.50, 152.34, 147.06, 147.03, 122.61, 122.53, 116.60, 116.36; MS m/e (El⁺, relative intensity, %) 250 (M⁺, 82) 206 (27), 178 (12), 177 (43), 139 (11), 112 (25), 111 (20), 95 (100), 83 (32), 75 (19), 57 (17).

Example 17 Synthesis of 2,5-bis[4-(N-(4-fluoro)phenoxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan (8)

To a suspension of bis-amidine 1 (0.5 g, 0.0026 mol) in DMF (10 mL) at room temperature, was added a solution of carbonate 21 (0.87 g, 0.0035 mol). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h. Ice water (40 mL) was added to the mixture and filtered, washed with water (3×30 mL), ether (30 mL) and dried in vacuum for 24 h to furnish 4-fluorophenylcarbanate 8 (0.92 g, 61%) as a yellow solid: TLC (R_(f)) 0.45 (CHCl₃, MeOH, NH₄OH, 4:1:0.2, v/v); mp>300° C.; IR (KBr) 3465-3000, 1667, 1621, 1491, 1260, 1187, 1139, 1078, 969, 859, 793, 665 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 9.31 (s, 4H, D₂O exchangeable, NH), 8.12 (d, J=8.73 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.98 (d, 4H, J=8.57 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.33 (s, 2H, CH-furan), 7.22 (d, 8H, J=6.5 Hz, F-Ar—CH) ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 162.12, 161.86, 157.77, 156.53, 154.21, 153.45, 152.57, 147.76, 133.00, 132.45, 132.65, 128.79, 128.44, 127.83, 123.46, 123.38, 123.31, 115.97, 115.89, 115.60, 115.47, 115.37, 115.25; MS m/z (FAB, m-nitrobenzoic acid) 581 (M+1), 469, 443, 426, 357, 331. Anal. (C₃₂H₂₂N₄O₅F₂.0.5H₂O) C, H, N.

Example 18 Synthesis of bis(4-methoxyphenyl)carbonate (22)

Reaction of 4-methoxyphenol with 4-methoxyphenylchloroformate in pyridine/CH₂Cl₂ followed by aqueous workup as described above gave carbonate 22, after silica column chromatography, in 93% yield as a white solid: TLC (R_(f)) 0.53 (100% CHCl₃); mp 95° C.; IR (KBr) 3076, 2958, 2848, 1772, 1610, 1514, 1470, 1286, 1242, 1182, 1028, 894, 836, 776, 726, 534 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.16 (d, 4H, J=9.05 Hz), 6.88(d, 4H, J=9.04Hz), ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 157.71, 153.04, 144.83, 121.96, 114.68, 55.80 (OCH₃); MS m/e (El⁺, relative intensity, %) 274 (M⁺, 100), 230 (33), 215 (29), 187 (12), 124 (16), 123 (46), 107 (10), 95 (12), 77 (13), 64 (7), 52 (5), 41 (6).

Example 19 Synthesis of 2,5-bis[4-(N-(4-methoxy)phenoxycarbonyl) amidinophenyl]furan (9)

To a suspension of bis-amidine 1 (0.7 g, 0.0016 mol) in DMF (10 mL) at room temperature, was added bis(4-methoxy)phenylcarbonate (1.39 g, 0.0051 mol) and stirred for 24 h. Anhydrous ether (25 mL) was then added to the precipitated product, stirred for few min and filtered, washed with ether (3×15 mL) and dried under vacuum in a dessicator for 48 h to furnish 4-methoxyphenyl carbamate 9 (0.9 g, 65%) as a yellow solid: TLC (R_(f)) 0.68 (CHCl₃,MeOH, NH₄OH, 4:1:0.2, v/v); mp>300° C.; IR (KBr) 3450-3100, 3010, 2934, 2836, 1683, 1484, 1256, 1184, 1142, 1078, 1033, 1010, 967, 928, 850, 801, 774, 753, 696, 659, 607, 583, 559, 531 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 9.26 (s, 4H, NH), 8.11 (d, 4H, J=8.54 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.98 (d, 4H, J=8.53 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.34 (s, 2H, furan-CH), 7.09 (d, 4H, J=9.04 Hz, Ar—CH of Ar—OCH₃), 6.93 (d, 4H, J=9.03 Hz, Ar—CH of Ar—OCH₃), 3.75 (s, 6H, OCH₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 166.62, 156.26, 152.64, 145.07, 133.03, 132.64, 128.53, 123.41, 122.66, 114.12, 110.72, 55.36. MS m/z (FAB, thioglycerol) 605 (M+1), 481, 429, 323, 303, 289, 273, 257, 247, 229. Anal. (C₃₄H₂₈N₄O₇.1. DMF) C, H, N.

Example 20 Synthesis of l-chloroethyl-4-nitrophenylcarbonate (16)

To an ice cold solution of 4-nitrophenol (2.0 g, 0.015 mol) and triethylamine (1.6 g, 0.016 mol) (or pyridine) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) at 0-5° C. was added a solution of 1-chloroethylchloroformate (2.1 g, mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and stirred for 15 min and then at room temperature overnight (16 h). The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL), aq. NaOH (0.5 N, 50 mL), sat. NaCl solution (50 mL), water (3×50 mL) and dried (Na₂SO₄). The CH₂Cl₂ solution was filtered, evaporated in a rotavapor and the residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography using chloroform (100%) as eluent to furnish pure 16 as a white solid: TLC (R_(f)) 0.75 (CHCl₃); mp 70-71° C. (lit.²² 69-70° C.); IR (KBr) 3116, 3084, 2999, 2932, 2864, 2364, 2330, 1779, 1626, 1525, 1355, 1245, 1101, 914, 863, 779, 677 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.31 (dd, 2H, J=5.08, 2.07 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.43 (dd, 2H, J=4.76, 2.22 Hz, Ar—CH), 6.50 (q, 1H, J=11.67 Hz, CHClCH₃), 1.93 (d, 3H, J=5.87 Hz); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 155.16, 150.65, 145.94, 125.63, 121.89, 85.44, 25.34; MS m/e (El⁺, relative intensity) 210 (M⁺—HCl, 4), 139 (26), 122 (13), 109 (8), 76 (13), 75 (11), 65 (27), 64 (17), 63 (100), 50 (10), 43 (13).

Example 21 Synthesis of 1-acetoxyethyl-4-nitrophenylcarbonate (17)

To a solution of 1-chloroethyl-4-nitrophenyl carbonate (2.0 g, 0.0082 mol) in glacial acetic acid (50 mL) at room temperature, was added mercuric acetate (3.8 g, 0.012 m) and the mixture was stirred for 40 h. Water (100 mL) was then added to the mixture and extracted with ether (2×75 mL). The ethereal phase was washed with aq. NaOH (0.5 N, 30 mL), sat. NaCl (30 mL), water (2×50 mL) and dried (anhy. Na₂SO₄). The solution was filtered, concentrated in a rotavap and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford pure 1-acetoxyethyl-4-nitrophenyl carbonate (17) (1.9 g, 89%) as a colorless liquid: TLC (R_(f)) 0.65 (CHCl₃); IR (film) 1779 (OCOO), 1749 (CH₃COO), 1615, 1592, 1528, 1491, 1266, 1110, 1070, 857 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.29 (d, 2H, J=9.05 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.41 (d, 2H, J=9.04 Hz, Ar—CH), 6.84 (q, 1H, J=10.95 Hz, CH(Oac)CH₃), 2.14 (s, 3H, COCH₃), 1.62 (d, 3H, 5.4 Hz, CHCH₃); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 169.09, 155.33, 150.70, 145.76, 125.52, 121.94, 92.47 (CHOAc), 20.96 (COCH₃), 19.61 (CHCH₃); MS m/e (El⁺, relative intensity) 210 (M⁺—AcOH, 3), 166 (4), 122 (5), 87 (33), 63 (6), 50 (3), 43 (100).

Example 22 Synthesis of 2,5-bis[4(1-acetoxyethoxycarbonyl)amidinophenyl]furan (10)

A mixture of bis-amidine 1 (0.4 g, 0.0013 mol), diisopropylethylamine (0.35 g, 0.0026 mol) and THF/CH₃CN (1:1 mixture, 15 mL) was stirred at room temperature. A solution of 1-aceoxyethyl-4-nitrophenyl carbonate (0.71 g, 0.00264 mol) in THF (5 mL) was then added and continued stirring for 24 h. Solvents were removed in a rotavapor under reduced pressure at 40° C., triturated with anhy. ether (20 mL), filtered, washed with ether (2×25 mL), dried in air and crystallized from CHCl₃ether to yield 1-acetoxyethyl carbamate (10) as a yellow solid in 71% yield (0.52g): TLC (R_(f)) 0.5 (CHCl₃,MeOH,NH₄OH, 4:1:0.2, v/v); mp 165-167° C. dec; IR (KBr) 3690-2900 (br), 3458 (s), 3324 (s), 3131 (s), 2945 (s), 1734, 1667, 1640, 1607, 1562, 1488, 1412, 1362, 1279, 1243, 1147, 1117, 1089, 1057, 1022, 992, 932, 885, 842, 797, 597, 566 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 9.33 (s, 4H, NH), 8.09 (d, 4H, J=8.54 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.96 (d, 4H, J=8.54 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.34 (s, 2H, CH-furan), 6.79 (q, 2H, J=10.87 Hz, CHOAc), 2.03 (s, 6H, CH₃), 1.55 (d, 6H, J=5.39 Hz, CHCH₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 168.93, 166.84, 161.49, 152.65, 133.06, 132.58, 128.59, 123.42, 110.82, 89.18, 20.82, 19.63 (CH₃); MS m/z (FAB, thioglycerol) 565 (M+1), 479, 461, 435, 375, 357, 331, 314, 288, 271. Anal. (C₂₈H₂₈N₄O₉) C, H, N.

Example 23 Synthesis of 2,5-bis[4(N-ethoxycarbonyloxy)amidinophenyl]furan (11): NaOH method

To a suspension of the bis-amidoxime (2,5-bis[4-(N-hydroxy)amidinophenyl]furan) (0.86 g, 0.0028 mol) and CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL), a solution of ethylchloroformate (1.22 g, 0.011 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was added and stirred for 10 min. Aq. NaOH (1 N, 12 mL) was then added dropwise and stirred at room temperature for 6 h. Ice water (10 mL) was added, filtered, washed with plenty of water (3×30 mL), dried in air and crystallized from ethanol to give pure ethyl carbonate (11) (0.67 g, 50% yield) as a white solid.

Example 24 Synthesis of ethyl 4-nitrophenylcarbonate (13):Carbonate Method

Reaction of 4-nitrophenol with ethylchloroformate in pyridine/CH₂Cl₂ as described earlier, gave carbonate 2 as colorless crystals in 92% yield by chromatographic purification and 82% by crystallization methods. TLC (R_(f)) 0.48 (100% CHCl₃); mp 70-71° C.; IR (KBr) 3124, 3092, 3010, 2920, 2866, 1772, 1622, 1600, 1536, 1278, 1112, 1060, 1006, 908, 860, 774, 732, 662, 527, 502 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.29 (d, 2H, J=9.05 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.38 (d, 2H, J=9.05 Hz, Ar—CH), 4.36 (q, 2H, OCH₂, J=14.28 Hz), 1.38 (t, 3H, J=7.07 Hz, CH₃): ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 155.84, 152.65, 145.64, 125.48, 121.98, 65.74, 14.35; MS m/e (El⁺, relative intensity, %) 212 (M⁺, 1.4), 211 (1), 139 (100), 109 (60), 89 (100), 93 (13), 81 (11), 65 (21), 63 (13).

Reaction of bis-amidoxime with ethyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate in DMF at room temperature gave bis-ethoxycarbonyloxy derivative in 85% yield as a white solid. The physical data or compound 11 obtained by both methods were virtually identical. TLC (R_(f)) 0.5 (CHCl₃,MeOH,NH₄OH, 4:1:0.2, v/v); mp>300° C. dec.; IR (KBr) 3700-3100, 3056, 2989, 2937, 2915, 2890, 1770, 1668, 1635, 1481, 1414, 1370, 1266, 1208, 1124, 1035, 1013, 939, 857, 834, 775, 686 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 7.91 (d, 4H, J=7.21 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.78 (d, 4H, J=7.20 Hz, Ar—CH), 7.24 (s, 2H, CH-furan), 6.89 (s, 4H, NH), 4.20 (q, 4H, J=14 Hz, NOCOOCH₂), 1.26 (t, 6H, J=7.1 Hz, CH₃); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 156.0 (OCOO), 153.48, 152.43, 131.63, 130.17, 127.29, 123.33, 109.70, 63.56, (OCH₂), 14.20 (OCH₂CH₃); MS m/z (FAB, thioglycerol) 481 (M+1), 429, 393, 377, 347, 323, 305, 288, 271, 237. Anal. (C₂₄H₂₄N₄O₇) C, H, N.

In the specification, and examples there have been disclosed typical preferred embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for the purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims.

TABLE 1 In vivo Activity of Carbamate and Carbonate Prodrugs of 2,5-Bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan vs. Pneumocystis carinii

Dosage^(a) Cysts/g of lung^(a) Compound R (μmol/kg/day) (% of control) Toxicity^(a) Saline — 100.0^(b) ± 13.24 0 Pentamidine iv @ 22.0 3.06 ± 0.90 ++ 1 H iv @ 13.3 0.83 ± 0.36 0 Oral @ 39.8 44.52 ± 13.30 0 2^(c)

iv @ 22.0 Oral @ 33.0 6.91 ± 6.01 49.68 ± 20.50 0 0 3^(d)

iv @ 22.0 Oral @ 33.0 1.85 ± 1.79 8.59 ± 9.14 0 0 4

iv @ 22.0 Oral @ 33.0 83.01 ± 43.65 19.52 ± 14.22 0 0 5^(c)

iv @ 11.0 Oral @ 33.0 0.03 ± 0.02 18.09 ± 9.16 0 0 6^(d)

iv @ 22.0 Oral @ 33.0 0.02 ± 0.01 18.73 ± 11.87 0 0 7

iv @ 22.0 Oral @ 33.0 3.61 ± 1.80 5.70 ± 5.15 0 0 8^(d)

iv @ 22.0 Oral @ 33.0 0.02 ± 0.01 2.21 ± 0.33 0 0 9^(d)

iv @ 22.0 Oral @ 33.0 0.02 ± 0.01 2.10 ± 2.08 0 0 10^(c)

iv @ 11.0 Oral @ 33.0 1.21 ± 1.02 57.16 ± 10.19 ++ 0 11^(c)

iv @ 34.7 Oral @ 33.0 1.66 ± 0.58 96.90 ± 48.48 0 0 Elemental Analysis Data Calcd Calcd Calcd Found Found Found Compound for for for for for for # Formula C H N C H N 2 C₂₀H₂₀N₄O₅ 62.84 4.80 13.33  63.01 4.74 13.20 3 C₂₄H₁₈N₄O₅Cl₁₆ 41.70 3.20 8.11 41.54 3.01  8.28 4 C₂₄H₂₄N₄O₃S₂.0.25H₂O 59.42 5.09 11.55  59.26 4.98 11.29 5 C₃₄H₂₈N₄O₅.2H₂O 67.09 5.30 9.21 66.67 4.99  9.24 5M C₃₄H₂₈N₄O₅.2C₄H₄O₄ 62.68 4.51 6.96 62.71 4.47  7.04 6 C₃₀H₂₄N₄O₁₁ 58.44 3.92 9.09 58.40 4.00  9.09 7 C₃₂H₂₄N₄O₅.1.3H₂O 67.67 4.72 9.87 67.29 4.53 10.35 8 C₃₂H₂₂N₄O₅F₂.0.5H₂O 65.12 4.10 9.51 64.82 4.20 10.03 9 C₃₄H₂₈N₄O₇.DMF 65.57 5.21 10.33  67.44 5.19 10.17 10 C₂₈H₂₈N₄O₉ 59.57 5.00 9.93 59.41 5.06  9.82 11 C₂₄H₂₄N₄O₇ 60.00 5.04 11.66  59.67 4.95 11.46 

That which is claimed:
 1. A compound represented by the formula (I):

wherein: X may be O or S; R₁ and R₂ are may be independently selected from the group consisting of H, loweralkyl, oxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, and alkylaminoalkyl; R₃ and R₄ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, loweralkyl, halogen, oxyalkyl, oxyaryl, and oxyarylalkyl; R₅ is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of:

 wherein: X₁, X₂, and X₃ are independently selected from O and S; and R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of loweralkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, oxyaryl, and oxyalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of: CH₃, CH₂CCl₃, CH₂CH₃,


3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein each of the substituents present on the compound of formula (I) represented by the formula:

are present on the para positions of the aromatic groups on formula (I).
 4. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound as defined by claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 5. The composition according to claim 4, wherein R₆ and R₇ are independently selected from the group consisting of: CH₃, CH₂CCl₃, CH₂CH₃,


6. The composition according to claim 4, wherein each of the substituents present on the compound of formula (I) represented by the formula:

are present on the para positions of the aromatic groups on formula (I). 